Know

"No society can long sustain itself unless its members have learned the sensitivities, motivations and skills involved in assisting and caring for other human beings." —Urie Bronfenbrenner

Reflecting on Your Beliefs About Child Guidance

As a Program Manager who advocates for relationship-based care, you will need to demonstrate your commitment to positive guidance to your staff and families. It is important to examine your own personal beliefs. Your beliefs about child guidance are formed throughout your life by your own experiences with your family and in school, your cultural values and beliefs, and your professional education and training. These personal beliefs about child guidance are reflected in your daily conversations with staff and families and in your personal reactions to children’s behavior. You serve as a model for staff members in how to solve conflicts and to build a safe, caring community.

Consider the following questions for yourself and for your staff and family members:

1. How does your family and cultural background influence your beliefs about positive guidance?
2. What did you find positive about your own school experiences in terms of guidance?
3. What do you wish were different about your own school experiences in terms of guidance?
4. How has your education and training prepared you to advocate for and communicate the importance of a positive approach to child guidance?
5. What training and support do you need in order to lead a program that embraces positive child guidance?

Reflecting on your own experiences with child guidance will assist you in your ability to support your staff as they implement positive guidance practices. You will also want to encourage staff to reflect on their own experiences, cultural background, training, and education around child guidance. You may find it valuable to share your thoughts and beliefs with your own administrator or a trusted colleague who manages a different child care program. You are the person that staff will turn to when they need support with handling children’s challenging behaviors and with maintaining a safe, secure classroom environment. For some staff this may be a new learning experience or a paradigm shift in thinking and constructively teaching children new strategies and behaviors instead of using punishment to address children’s mistakes or challenging behavior. It is important that you have a strong understanding of positive guidance strategies and that you can provide emotional support to those staff members who may feel overwhelmed or upset while learning new ways to approach children’s needs and behavior.

What is Guidance?

According to Marian C. Marion (2013), positive child guidance is based on principles of developmentally appropriate practice. Dan Gartrell (2012) defines guidance as “A way of teaching that nurtures each child’s potential through consistently positive (sometimes firm, but always friendly) interactions; classroom management that teaches rather than punishes” (p. 156).

Punishment often includes removing children from the learning environment or excluding them from play, which does not provide children with opportunities to learn more appropriate behavior to prevent challenging behavior in the future. Research has shown that harsh discipline and punishment are not effective and are associated with poor outcomes for children (Children’s Equity Project and the Bipartisan Policy Center). Harsh discipline is commonly used with young children, such as suspension and expulsion, with states reporting 1.27 million suspensions and expulsions for children in PreK-5th grade in one year (Children’s Equity Project and the Bipartisan Policy Center). Preschool children are expelled at rates three times higher than children in K-12 settings. Black children and American Indian/Alaska Native children are also far more likely to experience harsh discipline than their White peers (Children’s Equity Project and the Bipartisan Policy Center).

Adults who use positive guidance in their daily interactions with children make it a priority to help each individual child to:

• Feel safe and secure
• Develop healthy self esteem
• Respect themselves and others
• Learn to cope with a variety of stressors

Interpersonal relationships are key in facilitating the use of positive guidance across your program environment. As a Program Manager, you serve as the model for staff. Your personal values and commitment to the use of positive guidance principles will be evident in your daily interactions with children, staff, and families.

Gartrell, in The Power of Guidance, describes six practices of teachers who are committed to positive guidance:

A review of the guidance practices and what they might look like in daily interactions with children and families can be incorporated into staff meetings and emphasized in professional development plans. As the program director, you model positive guidance in your daily practices. You engage in building partnerships and relationships with staff, families and children. This takes self-reflection and intentional practice on the part of you and your staff. Positive guidance comes naturally for some people, while for others it may take supervision, coaching and practice.

You and your staff must take into account individual children’s social and emotional growth and development when selecting appropriate guidance techniques. For example, preschool and school-age children like to participate in problem-solving around issues that arise in the classroom. They can sustain attention during a 10-15-minute teacher-lead group discussion about a class problem, such as, “What should we do about our broken tricycles?” In contrast, toddlers have limited attention spans (typically about 3 to 6 minutes) so teachers should use brief, simple directions to guide them during classroom routines (e.g., “If you put your shoes on then we can play outside.”).

Through daily interactions and carefully documented observations, you and staff members learn about children’s individual strengths and needs. This information helps you and the staff select developmentally and individually appropriate guidance practices. Staff will seek you out to help them understand particular children’s behaviors and choose appropriate guidance practices that meet their social and emotional development needs. As the program leader, your acknowledgement of positive teacher and child interactions, in addition to your encouragement and emotional support for staff who are learning to use positive guidance practices, will contribute to your vision of relationship-based care.

Supervise & Support

How Does Positive Guidance Look in Practice?

Program managers who promote positive guidance practices create an encouraging environment for all children and adults. One aspect of positive guidance is creating an environment that promotes positive behavior and minimizes the need for adults to react to children’s challenging behavior. A supportive environment includes clear behavior expectations, visual supports for procedures and schedules, clear centers or learning areas, and other environmental cues like footprints for lining up or a stop sign on the classroom door. Positive guidance practices emphasize teaching problem-solving and friendship skills. They build children’s sense of independence, belonging and membership in the program. In contrast, discipline, or using punishment to control children’s behavior, can be misused by adults with negative consequences for children’s growth and development.

When teachers value and use positive guidance practices, they support the development of an encouraging classroom environment. The encouraging classroom environment is a setting where adults show and teach children how to express and meet their needs in acceptable, safe ways. The child is a valued member of the community, where they feel safe and secure. Children are not threatened with removal from the classroom community and they are not publicly criticized. Children’s mistakes and challenging behavior are seen as characteristics of typical development and viewed as opportunities to learn the correct behaviors. Partnerships formed with families and peers are supportive and encouraging. Conflicts are seen as part of living in a community where adults help children learn effective conflict-resolution strategies and teach problem-solving skills.

Summary

Gartrell writes: “An encouraging classroom is one where the physical and social-emotional environment of a community of learners empowers all children to develop and learn” (2012, p. 156). Positive guidance practices promote children’s social-emotional development. As a manager, you and your staff must work together to create a safe, warm and encouraging environment for children.

Completing this Course

For more information on what to expect in this course and a list of the accompanying Learn, Explore and Apply resources and activities offered throughout the lessons, visit the Management Positive Guidance Course Guide.

To support the professional development of the direct care staff members or family child care providers you oversee, you can access their corresponding Course Guides:

• Infant & Toddler Positive Guidance Course Guide
• Preschool Positive Guidance Course Guide
• School-Age Positive Guidance Course Guide
• Family Child Care Positive Guidance Course Guide