Know

Your Role in the Supervision of Children and Youth

The single most important way to mitigate the risk of harm is for you to make sure staff are vigilant when it comes to the supervision of children and youth. When children and youth aren't adequately supervised, the risks increase. For example, if a teacher has their back to children while talking with another teacher, they may not notice that a child has climbed up on a shelf to reach a toy. If furnishings are placed in such a way that visual supervision is obstructed, a teacher may not notice that there is a child harming another child. If a teacher forgets the cups for milk at mealtime and goes to the cabinet to get them, they may not see that a child is choking. As the Program Manager it is your responsibility to ensure that staff adhere to supervision protocols and policies at all times.

Children and youth are naturally active, curious, and inconsistent when it comes to remembering and applying safety rules. Therefore, it's up to the adults to be vigilant when it comes to their safety. This can be done through visual supervision and staying close to children and youth to help as needed.

When it comes to supervising children and youth, staff must be constantly watching to ensure safety. Your staff need to think of supervision of children and youth as being like lifeguards: always scanning the space to protect and respond as necessary.

As the Program Manager, you are responsible for making sure that effective supervision strategies are consistently used by all staff. These strategies include:

• making direct visual contact with children and youth,
• conducting frequent head counts throughout the day,
• arranging the classroom environment to support visual supervision,
• adjusting supervision based on the age of the child and the space occupied

For example, school-age children and youth require different levels of supervision than preschoolers to balance safety with their need for independence. Spaces like gross motor rooms require different levels of supervision than classrooms to account for environmental differences. To ensure that staff are supervising appropriately, you need to move through the program and ensure policies are being followed.

Cell phones can distract staff from supervising children and youth. Is your program's policy clear about enforcing no personal cell phone use when staff are counted in ratio? When you bring in a new employee, be sure they have a chance to understand and ask questions about your program's policy for personal cell phone use. Make sure they understand where personal cell phones should be stored during working hours and why your center can be out of ratio when staff engage with their personal cell phones at work. Review the following article from NAEYC by Feeney and Freeman about Smartphones and Social Media: https://www.naeyc.org/system/files/YC0315_Focus_on_Ethics.pdf.

Supervise & Support

Management Practices that Support Active Supervisions

The chart below summarizes your key responsibilities when it comes to ensuring that the children and youth in your program are supervised adequately at all times.

Shared Spaces

Areas that are used by multiple classrooms of varying ages are particularly troublesome for supervision. These areas may include indoor gross motor rooms, bathrooms, eating areas, outdoor environments, and hallways. The physical layout of many shared spaces can make supervision more difficult, particularly if more than one classroom can utilize the space at the same time.

The chart below summarizes your key responsibilities when it comes to ensuring that shared spaces are supervised appropriately.

Playgrounds

Knowing that there are risks when children and youth play outdoors, staff must be vigilant in their supervision of children and youth. This means staff members are constantly moving around the space so they can intervene quickly if needed and redirect unsafe choices before injuries occur. This is especially important when there are multiple groups using the same play space at the same time.

The chart below summarizes your key responsibilities when it comes to ensuring that playgrounds are supervised appropriately.

Field Trips

This will be covered in more depth in Lesson Seven, but it's worth mentioning here that children and youth are particularly vulnerable when they are in new environments.

The chart below summarizes your key responsibilities when it comes to ensuring that field trips are supervised appropriately.

Caring for Infants

Infants completely rely on the adults around them to keep them safe. They can't communicate in words if something is wrong. Their bodies are still developing, so a fall can be life threatening. And they don't understand what is dangerous. It should go without saying that the younger the child, the more important it is to supervise them appropriately.

You need to ensure that teachers who care for infants are constantly scanning and observing children and the physical environment, including classroom furnishings, materials, and the behaviors of infants themselves.

Your teachers must always be on guard when it comes to the sleep position of infants. It is your responsibility to ensure that teachers are in compliance with American Academy of Pediatrics safe sleep guidelines. How babies are put to sleep is not about preferences, it's about safety. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, thousands of babies die in the U.S. every year from sleep-related deaths.

Infants are the most vulnerable children in your care. They are dependent on the adults around them to keep them safe. Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) is a term used to describe sudden and unexpected death of an infant less than 1 year of age in which the cause was not obvious before investigation. SUID cases include Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), accidental suffocation in a sleeping environment, and other deaths from unknown causes. Half of all SUID cases are SIDS deaths. SIDS is the leading cause of death among infants 1 month to 12 months old in the United States.

About one in five SIDS deaths occur while an infant is being cared for by someone other than a parent. Many of these deaths occur when infants who are used to sleeping on their backs at home are then placed to sleep on their tummies by another caregiver. Infants who are used to sleeping on their backs and placed to sleep on their tummies are 18 times more likely to die from SIDS, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics.

According to the National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education, a majority of SIDS-related deaths at child-care facilities occur in the first day or first week that an infant starts attending a child care program. (Caring for Our Children, 3rd edition, http://nrckids.org.)

You need to do the following to ensure staff comply with safe sleep practices:

• Train staff during their orientation on your program' s Service's safe sleep policy.
• Include your program's Service's safe sleep policies with families at enrollment as well as in the family handbook.
• Observe that infants are placed on their backs to sleep every time and the temperature in the room is comfortable for a lightly clothed adult.
• Provide U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission [CPSC] and ASTM International [ASTM]) approved crib mattresses.
• Ensure that soft objects and materials (toys, stuffed animals, bibs, quilts, blankets, comforters, flat sheets, swaddles, sheepskins, and pillows) are not in cribs or near sleep areas.
• Ensure infants are observed by sight and sound at all times, including when they are going to sleep, are sleeping, or are in the process of waking up.
• Ensure that staff provide daily, supervised tummy time while infants are awake.

The chart below summarizes your key responsibilities when it comes to ensuring that infants are supervised appropriately.

Supervision of Internet and Technology Use

While the internet, tablets, and applications or "apps" provide children and staff with new and exciting learning opportunities, they also come with safety and supervision challenges. It is essential that you lead your program in creating, updating, and implementing guidelines for the supervision and use of technology by children. Your program may have protections such as software that limits access to explicit materials on the internet, but know that this should not provide a false sense of safety. While such programs are useful, and a good starting point, work with your coach or trainer to ensure that staff know how to engage and supervise during children's internet and technology use.

The chart below summarizes your key responsibilities when it comes to the supervision of children's internet and technology use.

The Importance of Planning

Effective Program Managers have a balance of leadership skills to identify what to do and administrative skills to get things done. Managers with good administrative skills create plans, develop systems and processes, put systems in place and work efficiently.

Plans help you manage. They help you be proactive and prepared. Plans begin with a goal and steps to achieve the goal. This aspect of the planning process helps you identify inefficient procedures and systems. This process is richer when you enlist the ideas of your staff. Involving staff often leads to improvements as well as buy-in when it comes to implementation.

One of the most important plans for ensuring children and youth are appropriately supervised is your staff schedule. As with all plans, this plan needs to be fluid and change based on the needs of the program. Staff members aren't scheduled because they want to work a certain shift, they are scheduled because that is when they are needed for the supervision of children.

As you know, you can't be everything to everyone, nor can you please everyone all of the time. You need to manage the execution of tasks by delegating and coordinating the work of your staff. The goal is to empower your staff members to manage their responsibilities as efficiently as possible. A well-thought-out plan will get you there.

Watch this video about why supervision matters.